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Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 61 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 62 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 63 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in 64 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, 65 as a rejection of middle-class values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, 66 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 67 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 68 to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly 69 juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 70 to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 71 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 72 lead more youths into criminal behavior.

Families have also 73 changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents ； 74 ，children are likely to have less supervision at home 75 was common in the traditional family 76 . This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other 77 causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school，the increased 78 of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 79 of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 80 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.

61. A. acting B. relying C. centering D. commenting

62. A. before B. unless C. until D. because

63. A. interaction B. assimilation C. cooperation D. consultation

64. A. return B. reply C. reference D. response

65. A. or B. but rather C. but D. or else

66. A. considering B. ignoring C. highlighting D. discarding

67. A. on B. in C. for D. with

68. A. immune B. resistant C. sensitive D. subject

69. A. affect B. reduce C. chock D. reflect

70. A. point B. lead C. come D. amount

71. A. in general B. on average C. by contrast D. at length

72. A. case B. short C. turn D. essence

73. A. survived B. noticed C. undertaken D. experienced

74. A. contrarily B. consequently C. similarly D. simultaneously

75. A. than B. that C. which D. as

76. A. system B. structure C. concept D. heritage

77. A. assessable B. identifiable C. negligible D. incredible

78. A. expense B. restriction C. allocation D. availability

79. A. incidence B. awareness C. exposure D. popularity

80. A. provided B. since C. although D. supposing

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