首都師范大學2011年考博英語真題及答案

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Part Two Reading Comprehension (40%)

Directions: There are 5 passages in thissection. Each passage is followed by 4 questions. Foreach of them there are 4 choices marked A, 13, C and D. Choose the best one foreach question and mark the corresponding letter on Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEETwith a single line through the centre.

Passage One

The word of science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. On the other hand, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is confusing, but everyone should understand its meaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge.

Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from faction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. There is no danger as long as a clear difference is made between temporary and proved explanations. For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions the scientist continues to experiment and observe until they are proved or discredited. The exact status of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion. The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man can not be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy.

Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes---for instance, improving health, raising standards of living, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science.

Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic rewards. Chemists responsible for many of the discoveries could hardly have anticipated that their findings would one day result in applications of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discovery of one bit of information opens the door of the discovery of another. Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not made years ago: however one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. The hosts of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.

Which of the following sentences about pure science is true?

It may lead to antiscientific, "impure" results.

It necessarily precedes applied science and discovery of the cell.

It is not always as pure as we suppose.

It necessarily results from applied science and the discovery of the cell.

答案 C

A scientist interested in general knowledge about oxygen would probably call this approach .

applied science

chemical science

pure science

environmental science

答案 C

Which of the Following does the author imply?

Pure scientists should not be blamed for ignoring the practical side of their discoveries

Today few people have any notions of the meaning of science.

In science, it is not difficult to distinguish fact from fiction.

Practical-minded people can understand the meaning and objectives of pure science.

答案 A

Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?

On Distinguishing Fact from Fiction

Biology and the Scientific Age

Hypotheses and Theories

The nature of Science and Scientists

答案 D

Passage Two

While fashion is thought of usually in relation to clothing, it is important to realize that it covers a much wider domain. It is to be found in manners, the arts, literature, and philosophy, and may even reach into certain areas of science. In fact, it may operate in any field of group life, apart from the technological and utilitarian area and the area or the sacred. Its operation requires a class society, for in its essential character it does not occur either in a homogeneous society like a primitive group, or in a caste society.

Fashion behaves as a movement, and on this basis it is different from custom which by comparison, is static. This is due to the fact that fashion is based fundamentally on differentiation and emulation. In a class society, the upper classes or the so-called social elite are not able to differentiate themselves by fixed symbols or badges. Hence the more external features of their life and behavior are likely to be imitated by classes immediately below them, who, in turn, imitated by groups immediately below them in the social structure. This process gives to fashion a vertical descent. However, the elite class finds that it is no longer distinguishable, by reason of the imitation made by others, and hence is led to adopt new differentiating criteria, only to displace these as they in turn are imitated. It is primarily his feature that makes fashion into a movement and which has led one writer to remark that a fashion, once launched, move to its doom.

As a movement, fashion show little resemblance to any of the other movements which we have considered. While it occurs spontaneously and moves along in a characteristic cycle, it involves little in the way of crowd behavior and it is not dependent upon the discussion process and the resulting public opinion. It does not depend upon the mechanisms of which we have spoken. The participants are not recruited through agitation. No morale is built up among them. Nor does the fashion movement have, or require an ideology. Further, since it does not have a leadership imparting conscious direction to the movement, it does not build up a set of tactics. People take part in the fashion movement voluntarily and in response to the interesting and powerful kind of control which fashion imposes on them.

It is known from the first paragraph that___________ .

fashion operates in every society

fashion is found only in a few fields of group life

fashion originates in a class society

people like to keep up with fashion in a primitive society

答案 C

Which of the following statements is true?

Fashion, as a movement, is static.

A fashion is destined to disappear once it is launched.

A fashion will never vanish once it is launched.

The upper classes play a little role in fashion movements.

答案 B

According to the author, a fashion movement_________ .

will eventually develop into a social organization

has little in common with other movements

has a powerful leadership guiding it

has a set of symbols and values

答案 B

It can be inferred from the passage that a fashion movement ________ .

is a form of expressive behavior

contributes a great deal to the way of crowd behavior

can boost the morale of its participants

functions in the same way as specific social movements

答案 A

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