希賽網(wǎng)英語(yǔ)頻道為大家整理2012年全國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)博士英語(yǔ)統(tǒng)一考試真題。

Part n Vocabulary (10%)

Section A

Directions： In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence ,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

31.Her dietician suggested thatdiet and moderate exercise would help her recover soon.

A.temperateB. temporaryC. tentativeD. tempting

32.His health compels him toin his early 30s.

A.come offB. knock offC. drop offD. pull off

33.Two days later he regained his consciousness, forgetful of what had happened in the.

A.transparencyB. transiencyC. tranceD. trace

34.Despite financial belt-tightening this year, Christmas still represents a great time for.

A. arroganceB. surveillanceC. indulgenceD. turbulence

35.A succession ofvisits by the two countries’ leaders have taken their relations out of the cooler over the past 20 months.

A. reciprocalB. receptiveC. repulsiveD. redundant

36.The prime minister, beset bysupport rate, made the decision to resign over the weekend to avoid a political vacuum.

A. spontaneous B. strenuousC. soaringD. sluggish

37.Beijing Tourism Bureau has released a list of translations for 2 753 dishes and drinks topublic opinions.

A. solicitB.perceiveC. conceive D.investigate

38.The greatest risk for rickets is inbreastfedinfants who are notsupplemented with 400IU of Vitamin D a day.

A. exceptionally B. practicallyC. exclusively D.proportionately

39.The government is spending hundreds of billions extending the electricityto every remote village for the improvement of farmers’ livelihoods.

A. gridB.grantC. groveD. grandeur

40.Social scientists believe that societies with aof young men without hope of marriage suffer from instability, violence and surges in crime.

A. swarmageB. hatchC. gangD. surplus

Part n Vocabulary (10%)

Section B

Directions: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

41. She, a crazy fan, felt a tingle of excitement at the sight of Michael Jackson.

A. glimpse B.gust C. panic D. pack

42. She could never transcend her resentments against her mother5 s partiality for her brother.

A. discipline B.complain C. conquer D. defy

43. One could neither trifle with a terror of this kind, nor compromise with it.

A. belittle B. exaggerate C. ponder D. eliminate

44. In light of his good record, the police accepted defense.

A. In place of B. In view of C. In spite of D. In search of

45. City officials stated that workers who lied on their employment applications may be terminated.

A. accused B.punished C. dismissed D. suspended

46. An outbreak of swine flu outside of Mexico City was blamed for the deaths of more than a hundred people in April 2009.

A. attached to B.ascribed to C. composed of D. related to

47. When a forest goes ablaze, it discharges hundreds of chemical compounds, including carbon monoxide.

A. puts out B.passes off C. pulls out D. sends out.

48. Unfortunately, the bridge under construction clasped in the earthquake, so they had to do the whole thing again from scratch.

A. from the beginning B.from now on

C. from time to time D. from the bottom

49. Identical twin sisters have led British scientists to a breakthrough in leukemia research that promises more effective therapies with fewer harmful side-effects.

A. administers B. nurtures C. inspires D. ensures

50. Radical environmentalists have blamed pollutants and synthetic chemicals in pesticides for the disruption of human hormones.

A. disturbance B.distraction C. intersection D. interpretation

Part DI Cloze (10%)

Directions： In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A,B，C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.

Dear Dr. Benjamin,

Congratulations on your nomination as United States Surgeon General. Based on your extraordinary career and your commitment to 51 health disparities among underserved populations, no doubt your tenure will be marked by great progress toward the goal of improved health for all Americans. Each United States Surgeon General has the unique opportunity to create his or her own lasting legacy. Dr. Koop focused on smoking prevention. Dr. Satcher, one of 52 mentors, released the first comprehensive report on mental health. We encourage you to build your own legacy 53 concept of prevention through healthy lifestyles—a legacy that is both sustainable and cost-effective. This also is an important issue for Members of Congress, many of whom believe that 54 prevention and wellness initiatives will bring down costs and help people lead healthier lives. The American College Sports Medicine (ACSM) would be honored to partner with you on such an initiative. ACSM, the largest sports medicine and exercise science organization in the world, 55 ready to work with you to increase healthy behaviors—especially physical activity—throughout the life span. During this crucial period of health system reform, we’ve been advocating for strategies that support preventive medicine not just through diagnostic testing, 56 promoting healthy, active behaviors that all Americans can achieve at little or no cost.

In fact, ACSM already has a working agreement with the Surgeon General5 s office, focused on a series of healthy-lifestyle public service announcements for our Exercise Is Medicine TM program, a program that 57 calls on doctors to encourage their patients to incorporate physical activity and exercise into their daily routine. As you are 58 aware, physical activity can prevent and treat a host of chronic conditions—such as heart disease, type II diabetes, and obesity一that currently plague our country. Your example as 59 whose family has suffered from preventable disease and who demonstrates healthy lifes-

tyles can be powerful indeed.

Anytime either before or after your appointment is confirmed, we would 60 the opportunity to meet with you and your staff to discuss how we, along with other leading health organizations, can enhance the prevention paradigm through physical activity. Again, Dr. Benjamin, I extend our deepest congratulations and best wishes.

Sincerely,

James Pivamik, Ph. D. ACSM

President, American College of Sports Medicine

51. A. handle B.eliminate C. achieve D. address

52. A. his own B. our own C. your own D. her own

53. A. around Babove C. at D. across

54. A. promoted B. promoting

0. having been promoting of D. having been promoted

55. A. put B. got C. sits D. stands

56. A. but for B. but that C. but by D. but also

57. A. arguably B.excessively C. specifically D. exceptionally

58. A. well B. better C. the very D. the most

59. A. those B. one O. this D. it

60. A. greet B.welcome C. deserve D. celebrate

Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)

Directions ： In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B，C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.

Passage One

As the defining epidemic of a modern age notable for overconsumption and excess, obesity is hard to beat. The increased availability of high-fat, high sugar foods, along with more sedentary lifestyles, has helped push the number of obese people worldwide to beyond 400 million, and the number of overweight to more than 1.6 billion. By 2015, those figures are likely to grow to 700 million and 2.3 billion respectively, according to the World Health Organization. Given the health implications—increased risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes and some cancers—anything that helps people avoid piling on the pounds must be a

good thing, right?

Those who agree will no doubt welcome the growing success of researchers striving to develop " diet pills” that provide a technical fix for those incapable of losing weight at any other way. Last week a study published in The Lancet showed that tesofensine, which works by inducing a sense of fullness, is twice as effective as any other drug at enabling patients to lose weight.There is no question that advances such as this are good news for those with a strong genetic predisposition to obesity. But for the rest of us it is dangerous to see treatment as a more effective solution than prevention. There are several reasons for this. For a start, the traditional ways of maintaining a safe weight, such as limiting what you eat, increase consumption of fruit and vegetables and taking more exer-

cise, are beneficial for our health in many ways.

Second, overindulgence in fatty foods has implications for the entire planet. Consider the deleterious environmental effects of the rising demand for meat. As demonstrated in our special issue on economic growth, technological fixes will not compensate for excessive consumption.

Third, interfering with the brain circuits that control the desire for food can have an impact on other aspects of a person5 s personality and their mental and physical health.

We need two approaches: more research into the genetics of obesity to understand why some people are more susceptible, and greater efforts to help people avoid eating their way to an early death. Cynics will say we’ve tried education and it hasn’t worked. That is defeatist: getting people to change their behavior takes time and effort, held back as we are by our biological tendency to eat more than we need, and by the food industry ’ s ruthless opportunism in exploiting that.Drugs will be the saving of a few—as a last resort. But the global obesity problem is one of lifestyle,and the solution must be too.

61. In the first paragraph all the figures surrounding obesity reflect .

A. a close link between growing obese and developing disease

B. the inevitable diseases of modern civilization

C. the war against the epidemic we have lost

D. the urgency of the global phenomenon

62. When it comes to the recently reported diet pills, the author would say that .

A. drugs are no replacement of prevention

B. the technical advance is not necessarily good news

C. the technical fix does help reverse the obesity epidemic

D. the mechanism of tesofensine still remains to be verified

63. Which of the following can be referred to as the environmental perspective of the author’s argument?

A. Belittling good health behavior.

B.Imposing a heavy burden on our planet.

C. Making trouble for our social environment.

D. Having implications for mental and physical health.

64. The author argues that we make greater efforts to help people fight against .

A. their biological overeating tendency and aggressively marketed foods

B.the development of diet pills as a technical fix for obesity

C. their excuses for their genetic susceptibility to obesity

D. the defeatism prevailing in the general populations

65. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?

A. No Quick Fix B. Disease of Civilization

C. Pursuing a Technical Fix D. A War on Global Obesity

Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)

Passage Two

An abandoned airfield near a former Nazi concentration tramp may soon feature pagodas and Tai Chi parks. A $700 million project aims to give Germany its own Chinatown 22 miles north of Berlin in the town of Oranienburg, housing 2 000 residents by 2010. The investor group behind the scheme hopes the new Chinatown will attract tourists and business to rival the famed Chinatowns of San Francisco and New York by delivering an “ authentic Chinese experience. "You’ II be able to experience China, go out for a Chinese meal, and buy Chinese goods,” says Stefan Kunigam, managing director of Bandenburg-China-Project-Management GmbH. The project has attracted investors in both Germany and China, reports Christoph Lang of Berlin5 s Trade and Industry Promotion Office. ‘, Chinese investors have already asked if we have a Chinatown here, ’’ he says. “The cultural environment is very important for them. You cannot build a synthetic Chinatown. 

Germany is home to about 72 000 Chinese migrants (2002 Federal Statistical Office figures), but the country has not had a Chinatown since the early 1930s in Hamburg, when most of the city5 s 2 000 Chinese residents fled or were arrested by the Nazis. German’s more-recent history with anti-foreigner extremism remains a problem even within the government, reports Deutsche Welle (DW), Germany’s international broadcaster. DW notes that National Democratic Party lawmaker Holger Apfel5 s xenophobic (恐夕卜的)comments about “state-subsidized oriental mega-families” at first went largely uncriticized.

“ Every fourth German harbors anti-foreigner sentiments,u DW quotes Miriam Gruss, a Free Democratic Party parliamentarian. “ Right wing extremism is clearly rooted in the middle of society. It’s not a minor phenomenon." The German government initiated a special Youth for Democracy and Tolerance program in January 2007 as part of its tolerance-building efforts.

While it is not clear how many Chinese migrants will ultimately settle in the new German Chinatown, developers hope the project will increase Germans5 understanding for China and Chinese culture.

66. If set up, according to the passage, the new German Chinatown will probably be .

A. a rival to the Chinatowns of San Francisco and New York

B. mainly made of pagodas and Tai Chi parks

C. located in the north suburbs of Berlin

D. the biggest one in Germany

67. When he says that you cannot build a synthetic Chinatown, Lang means .

A. the real imported goods made in China

B.the authoritative permission for the project

C. the importance of the location for a Chinatown

D. the authentic environment to experience Chinese culture

68. By mentioning the population of Chinese migrants in Germany, the author most probably means that .

A. it is too late to build a Chinatown B. it is their desire to save a Chinatown

C. it is important to create jobs for them D. it is necessary to have a Chinatown there

69. According to the passage, German anti-foreigner extremism .

A. can seed the new community with hatred B. could be an obstacle to the project

C. will absolutely kill the plan  D. is growing for the scheme

70. The message from the plan is clear:

A. to build a new community

B. to fight against right-wing extremism

C. to promote more cultural understanding

D. to increase Chinese’ s understanding of Germany

Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)

Passage Three

The American research university is a remarkable institution, for long a source of admiration and wonder. The idyllic (田園詩(shī)的)，wooded campuses, the diversity and energy of the student populations, and, most of all, the sheer volume of public and private resources available to run them，have made them

the envy of the world.

Seen from the inside, however, everything is not quite so rosy. Setting aside the habitual complexity of medical schools, which have separate healthcare and finance issues, the structure of these institutions is straightforward and consistent. The bedrock of each university is a system of discipline-specific departments. The strength of these departments determines the success and prestige of the institution as a whole. This structure raises a few obvious questions. One is the relevance of the department-based structure to the way scientific research is done. Many argue that in a host of areas—ranging from computational biology and materials science to pharmacology and climate science—much of the most important research is now interdisciplinary in nature. And there is a sense that, notwithstanding years of efforts to adapt to this change by encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration, the department-based structure of the university is essentially at odds with such collaboration.

A second set of issues surrounds the almost static nature of the departmental system. In a country where most things are highly fluid, the fields covered by departments, as well as the pecking order（權(quán)勢(shì)等級(jí)）between them, have remained largely unchanged for many years. As people and money have flowed, particularly over the past twenty years, to the south and the southwest, the strongest US universities and departments remain embedded in the northeast and in California. League tables drawn up by the National Academy of Sciences and others show little movement in this pecking order, even over several decades. Another，perhaps more contentious, issue concerns the relevance of the modern research university to the community it serves. The established model, whatever else its strengths and weaknesses, reflects the desire of the middle classes for undergraduate training that prepares their offspring for a stable career. But how does it serve a society in which people may have to retrain and recreate their careers throughout their adult lives?

71. The passage begins with the presentation of the American research university .

A. in a unique way B.in a jealous tone

C. in the eyes of outsiders D. out of personal admiration

72. The traditional model of the US research university .

A. determines the complexity of the single-discipline department

B. is well established with competition among its departments

C. ensures the success and prestige of each single department

D. is characterized by the department-based structure

73. The structure of the US research university, the author contends, needs to be stretched .

A. to change the way scientific research is done along the discipline

B. to promote individuality and creativity in doing science

C. to address the current interdisciplinary challenges

D. to advance the discipline-based department

74. In addition to the department-based structure, the pecking order .

A. remains unchallenged as the name of the game

B.fosters unfair competition at the American institution

C. contributes to insufficient interdisciplinary collaboration

D. makes uneven allocations of financial resource among the US universities

75. What can be inferred from the question: But how does it serve a society in which people may have to retrain and recreate their careers throughout their adult lives?

A. The American societal structure has an impact on that of the research university.

B.College students need to be trained to be dedicated to the social value of science.

C. The modern research university ought to change the way it serves the middle class.

D. The established model serves as an obstacle to the best service of the society.

Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)

Passage Four

Science and politics make uncomfortable bedfellows. Rarely is this more true than in the case of climate change, where it is now time for emergency counseling. One point repeatedly made at last week5 s climate change congress in Copenhagen was that formulating an action plan to curb climate change is not

a job of scientists. Politicians may be left scratching their heads over what to do, but at this stage climate scientists cannot provide more guidance than they did in the 2007 report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, for two reasons.

First, models will never provide a straightforward prediction of how the climate will change. As one Copenhagen delegate put it： “Tell me what the stock market will do in 100 years and I will tell you what the climate will do. ” Second as most climate scientists will agree, their role is not to formulate policy. They can provide more or less apocalyptic （大災(zāi)預(yù)測(cè)j 的）scenarios of what will happen if emissions hit certain thresholds, from burning forests to disappearing islands. But when politicians ask what is the absolute maximum amount of carbon dioxide we should allow to be pumped out, the answer is, invariably, how

much risk do you want to take?

There are ways out of the deadlock. As the major climate negotiations in December approach, scientists need to be able to take off their labcoats sometimes and speak as concerned citizens. Some may feel uncomfortable with blurring the line between science and activism, but they should be aware that no one understands the risks better than they do and no one is better placed to give informed opinions. Politicians, for their part, should stop begging climatologists for easy answers. What they need instead is a new breed of advisers to descend from the ivory towers of academia and join the climate fray—people who are willing and able to weight up the risks, costs and benefits of various degrees of action. If all else fails, there may still be the safety net of geoengineering. As we have said on several occasions ,this option can no longer be dismissed as fantasy. Reputable scientists are discussing options among themselves and with policy-makers, but the fact that we are even considering it should spur governments to cut emissions, cut them deeply and cut them fast. Geoengineering is no get-out-of-jail-free card； it has dangers of its own. The military are already taking an interest, raising the spectra of climate weapons able to divert rainfall and bring drought. That is the last thing we want.

76. In the case global warning, scientists .

A. tend to be more conservative than politicians

B.are in no position to offer a definite answer

C. never trust politicians as in other cases

D. fee, incapable more than ever before

77. Speaking of climate change, politicians .

A. don’t like it when scientists are indirect

B.never see eye to eye with scientists there

C. seldom want to play the game with scientists

D. are left puzzled over the formulation of policy

78. To bridge the gap between the two sides, according to the passage, scientists are supposed to .

A. act with more concern and enthusiasm

B.discard their prejudice towards politicians

C. be definite enough to offer informed opinions

D. do as concerned citizens do in protecting environment

79. For their part, politicians ought to be reasonable and .

A. pick up the right scientists for informed opinions

B.place policy and decision in the hands of scientists

C. receive reeducation in the ivory towers of academia

D. choose those who can provide a straightforward prediction

80. The author reminds those who are talking about geoengineering of .

A. the other alternatives in the matter

B.the climate weapon as a double-edged sword

C. the dangers of the fantasy among the reputable scientists

D. the urgency of emission reduction on the part of governments

Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)

Passage Five

You are what you eat notwithstanding, it is only recently that most consumers have become interested in the technical details of their food’s composition, production and transport. With obesity and climate change now major concerns, and “l(fā)ocavore” and "food miles” entering the lexicon, shoppers are clamoring for information. And many food companies are happy to supply it, resulting in a dizzying array of multicolored labels and claims. But not everyone is happy. A proposed law in Indiana is the latest attempt in the United States to ban milk labels proclaiming that the cows from where the milk came were not treated with recombinant bovine growth hormone （rBGH, also called recombinant bovine somatotropin or rbST）. This hormone, produced by engineered bacteria, is virtually identical to the cow’s own and can increase milk production by 10-15%. There are two bad arguments for banning such labels. The first—that it is impossible to determine from the milk whether the cow was injected with rBGH—is the reason cited in the bill language. The second—that proliferation of “no rBGH” labels will train consumers to distrust the product—is the real motivation.

The first argument can be disposed of easily： it is already illegal to make false claims about a product. The second argument may seem more convincing. There is no firm scientific evidence that injecting cows with rBGH affects human health in any way, but prevalent labeling touting the absence of rBGH would suggest to consumers that there are some differences. The mandating （頒布）of an additional phrase such as that agreed last month in Pennsylvania—“no significant difference has been shown between milk derived from rbST-treated and non-rbST-treated cows” 一ameliorates （減輕）this problem.

There are good reasons not to ban accurate labels. More information means that consumers can be more discerning, and not just about their own health. They can vote with their purchases for farming practices they prefer. And if a company wants to use a technology with a bad reputation, it is the firm5 s responsibility to educate consumers about why it is beneficial. If consumers choose irrationally to reject it, that is their prerogative （特權(quán)）.Capitalism thrives on the irrationality of consumers, from their noted fear of smelling bad, to their preference for redness in apples, farmed salmon and fast-food signage（標(biāo)記）.

Indeed, if consumers were suddenly to become rational, an economic cataclysm （大災(zāi)難）would result, as households in all the rich nations would cut their consumption to only what they really needed. Such a crash would no doubt make the current economic doldrums （蕭條）look like the mildest hiccup （打陽(yáng)）.

81. Nowadays, consumers can know more about food .

A. from the internet B. by means of law weapons

C. from labels and claims D. with the dictionary

82. According to the proposed law in Indiana .

A. there will be no milk labels of "no rBGH”

B.cows are banned from being treated with rBGH

C. food products are now allowed to carry labels and claims

D. milk production cannot be increased with growth hormones

83. The real intention behind the ban as we can learn from the passage is .

A. to convince consumers of confusion due to labels and claims

B. to get rid of the milk manufacturer ’ s bad reputation

C. to prove the safety of rbST-treated cows’ milk

D. to safeguard the sale of milk in the market

84. As the author implies, a food label reflects .

A. customers’ preferences and farming practices

B. customers’ rationality and irrationality as well

C. a relationship between capitalism and irrationality

D. both the company1 s responsibility and customers5 prerogative

85. The last paragraph suggests .

A. what will happen following an economic cataclysm

B.what consumers ’ irrationality means to capitalism

C. why customers can be irrational in consumption

D. how the market economy runs

Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)

Passage Six

There may be a link between creativity and mental disorders，but it is probably not in the way that you think. There is a widespread highly romanticized belief that madness somehow heightens creative genius among artists, writers, and musicians. And that may be because we romanticize the idea of artistic inspi-

ration. As with mental disorders, there is something mysterious and unexplainable about the creative process. But all significant creative leaps have two very important components: talent and technique. By far the most universal and necessary aspect of technique is dogged persistence, which is anything but romantic.

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, best known psychologist for his work on flow, says despite the carefree air that many creative people effect, most of them work late into the night and persist when less driven individuals would not. Even acknowledged creative geniuses find that endurance must follow intuition. Followthrough is critical to the realization of an idea. Robert Root-Bernstein, another observer of the creative process, points out:" If the writer doesn ’ t sit at the computer every day, the muse is not going to visit." Even having ideas can take a great deal of discipline. Discipline is not a hallmark of minds in the throes of e-

motional distress.

Nevertheless, depression strikes artists ten times more often than it does the general population. The link, however, is not creativity. Artists are more likely to be self-reflective and to think things through. And that thinking style—as opposed to creativity itself—is a hallmark of depression and commonly leads to it. Evidence that madness does nothing to heighten creative genius comes from a study done by psychologist Robert Weisberg. He studied in detail Robert Schumann, the great composer, who was known to endure bouts of manic depression that drove him to attempt suicide. Indeed, Schumann wrote a great deal of music during his manic intervals. But quantity is one thing and quality is another. Weisberg found that Schumann5 s compositional output indeed swelled during his manic years, but the average quality of his efforts did not change. Mania "jacks up the energy level," Weisberg points out, “but it doesn’t give the

person access to ideas that he or she wouldn51 have had otherwise. ”

It’s entirely possible, Weisberg notes, that the elevated rates of mental disorders among artistic geniuses result from their creative lifestyle, which hardly provides emotional stability. Many artists struggle against poverty and public indifference in their lifetime. And if they do indeed produce works that are acclaimed ,they could succumb to the overwhelming pressure to live up to their earlier successes.

86. Based on the first two paragraphs, the author is trying to focus our attention on .

A. madness and romance B.genius and persistence

C. creativity and mental disorders D. romance and artistic inspiration

87. According to Csikszentmihalyi and Root-Bernstein, endurance .

A. does not necessarily mean discipline B. has much to do with original output

C. is a label on those depressives D. actually comes

88. Which of the following statements about depression is true?

A. It never strikes common people.

B. The people who are more self-reflective are more likely to be hit by depression.

C. Creativity has much to do with depression and we have figured out what it is.

D. The thinking style of artists is in line with creativity itself.

89. What does “it” in Paragraph 4 refer to?

A. Creativity. B. Depression C.Self-reflective. D. Population.

90. What is the best title of this passage?

A. Persistence and Creativity

C. Success and Madness

B. Genius and Madness

D.Artists and General People

Part V Writing (20%)

Directions： In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the essay.

電腦、網(wǎng)絡(luò)與健康

電腦已經(jīng)成為人們生活和工作不可或缺的工具，它在給人們帶來(lái)諸多方便的同時(shí)，也帶來(lái)了一些煩惱和憂慮，因?yàn)槿藗冮L(zhǎng)期從事電腦工作對(duì)健康的影響是比較直接的。

電腦和網(wǎng)絡(luò)使用不當(dāng)危害健康是對(duì)身體健康的直接影響。電腦顯示器利用電子槍發(fā)射電子束來(lái)產(chǎn)生圖像，并伴有輻射與電磁波，長(zhǎng)期使用會(huì)傷害人們的眼睛，誘發(fā)一些眼病，如青光眼等;鍵盤上鍵位密集，鍵面有一定的彈力和阻力，長(zhǎng)期擊鍵會(huì)對(duì)手指和上肢不利;操作電腦時(shí)，體形和全身難得有變化，操作向著高速、單一、重復(fù)的特點(diǎn)發(fā)展，強(qiáng)迫體位

比重越來(lái)越大，容易導(dǎo)致肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)的疾患，其中，計(jì)算機(jī)操作時(shí)所累及的主要部位有腰、頸、肩、肘、腕部等。操作電腦過(guò)程中注意力高度集中，眼、手指快速頻繁運(yùn)動(dòng)，使生理、心理過(guò)度重負(fù)，從而產(chǎn)生睡眠多夢(mèng)、神經(jīng)衰弱、頭部酸脹、機(jī)體免疫力下降，甚至?xí)T發(fā)一些精神方面的疾病。這種人易喪失自信，內(nèi)心時(shí)常緊張、煩躁、焦慮不安，最終導(dǎo)致身心疲憊。

二是導(dǎo)致網(wǎng)絡(luò)綜合征。長(zhǎng)時(shí)間無(wú)節(jié)制地花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間和精力在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上持續(xù)聊天、瀏覽，會(huì)導(dǎo)致各種行為異常、心理障礙、人格障礙、交感神經(jīng)功能部分失調(diào)，嚴(yán)重者發(fā)展成為網(wǎng)絡(luò)綜合征，該病癥的典型表現(xiàn)為：情緒低落、興趣喪失、睡眠障礙、生物鐘紊亂、食欲下降和體重減輕、精力不足、精神運(yùn)動(dòng)性遲緩和激動(dòng)、自我評(píng)價(jià)降低、思維遲緩、不愿意參加社會(huì)活動(dòng)、很少關(guān)心他人、飲酒和濫用藥物等。

三是電腦散發(fā)的氣體危害呼吸系統(tǒng)。英國(guó)過(guò)敏癥基金會(huì)的研究人員最近發(fā)表的一份研究報(bào)告指出，辦公設(shè)備會(huì)釋放有害人體健康的臭氧氣體，而主要元兇是電腦、激光打印機(jī)等。這些臭氧氣體不僅有毒，而且可能造成某些人呼吸困難，對(duì)于那些有哮喘病和過(guò)敏癥患者來(lái)說(shuō)，情況就更為嚴(yán)重了。另外，較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間待在臭氧氣體濃度較高的地方，還會(huì)導(dǎo)致肺部發(fā)生病變。

怎樣減少電腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)的危害

客觀地說(shuō)，電腦對(duì)人體生理和心理方面的負(fù)面影響已日益受到人們的重視。在電腦普及程度比較高的里，“電腦綜合征"已成為很普遍的現(xiàn)代病。為此，科學(xué)使用電腦，減少電腦和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的危害是十分必要的。一是要增強(qiáng)自我保健意識(shí)。如工作間隙注意適當(dāng)休息，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，電腦操作人員在連續(xù)工作1小時(shí)后應(yīng)該休息10分鐘左右。并且最好到操作室之外活動(dòng)活動(dòng)身體。平時(shí)要加強(qiáng)體育鍛煉，增強(qiáng)體能，要定期進(jìn)行身體檢查和自我心理測(cè)試，一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)生理、心理上的有關(guān)癥狀，可在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)適當(dāng)調(diào)整上機(jī)時(shí)間，緩解癥狀。

二是注意工作環(huán)境。電腦室內(nèi)光線要適宜，不可過(guò)亮或過(guò)暗，避免光線直接照射在熒光屏上產(chǎn)生干擾光線，工作室要保持通風(fēng)干爽，使那些有害氣體盡快排出，盡量用非擊打式打印機(jī)減少噪音等。三是注意補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng)。電腦操作者在熒光屏前工作時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)，視網(wǎng)膜上的視紫紅質(zhì)會(huì)被消耗掉，而視紫紅質(zhì)主要由維生素A合成。因此，電腦操作者應(yīng)多吃些胡蘿卜、白菜、豆芽、豆腐、紅棗、橘子以及牛奶、雞蛋、動(dòng)物肝臟、瘦肉等食物，以補(bǔ)充人體內(nèi)維生素A和蛋白質(zhì)。多喝茶，茶葉中的茶多酚等活性物質(zhì)有利于吸收與抵抗放射性物質(zhì)。