作文是醫(yī)學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)考內(nèi)容，所占分值比較高?？忌枰炀氄莆湛疾┯⒄Z(yǔ)作文的寫(xiě)作類(lèi)型。希賽網(wǎng)考研英語(yǔ)頻道為大家分享2020考博英語(yǔ)必背作文范文匯總，希望能給各位考生備考英語(yǔ)助力。

children with autism have difficulty with social skills and communication. they often behave in restricted and repetitive ways and have what seem likeabnormally intense interests.

a widely used medical guide will list autism under a new definition and name, "autism spectrum disorder." the changes will appear in the fifth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, to be published in may.

the "spectrum" represents a group of developmental brain disorders, ranging from mild to severely disabling. a milder form commonly calledasperger's syndrome will no longer be listed as a separate disorder with its own name.

autism is more common in boys than girls. what causes it is not clear. scientists are studying genes and possible environmental influences.

doctors usually cannot confirm a diagnosis of autism until a child is about three years old. rebecca landa is a researcher at the kennedy kriegerinstitute and johns hopkins university school of medicine inmaryland.professor landa wanted to find out what differences in development might beseen earlier. she led a new study that observed 235 babies between six and 36months of age.

"at six months of age, the signs of somerisk for developing communication and social delays, including autism, include motor delays. like when you lay your baby on their back and you pull them by the arms gently into a seated position, the baby's head may nod back behind the shoulders, like poor head control. so that does not mean that the baby is going to have autism,but it does mean the baby needs to have some exercises to strengthen their body. and when they strengthen their body, they are better able to play with toys and engage with people, which then goes on to help them have better outcomes."

by the time a baby is one year old, signs of possible autism include difficulty in using words and not looking eye-to-eye or reaching out toother people. by 14 months, the baby might smile less and use language less. however, professor landa says these signs can be so small that they might be missed during a short health exam.

"it's important for parents to stay tuned in to their children's development, and if a parent is concerned about a child's development, for professionals to listen to them."

the earlier parents notice delays, she says, the sooner they can begin doing simple things that may help improve their child's development. for example: talking to the child about what they are doing, commenting when the child shows them something, and playing simple games that keep the child's attention.

new words and phrases

1.autism [??:t?z?m] n. 孤獨(dú)癥（也稱(chēng)為自閉癥）

2.restricted [r??str?kt?d] adj. 有受限制的

3.epetitive [r??pet?t?v] adj. 重復(fù)的

4.abnormally [?b'n?:m?l?] adv. 不正常地

5.autism spectrum disorder 孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙

6.diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders《精神障礙病人的診斷和統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)》

7.spectrum [?spektr?m] n.范圍; 系列;

8.asperger's syndrome 阿斯伯格綜合征

9.confirm [k?n?f?:m] vt. [法]確認(rèn)，批準(zhǔn); 證實(shí)

10.kennedy krieger institute：約翰霍普金斯醫(yī)學(xué)院下的一個(gè)非營(yíng)利機(jī)構(gòu)，專(zhuān)門(mén)治療兒童和青少年學(xué)習(xí)障礙方面的問(wèn)題。

11.johns hopkins university school of medicine約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院（美國(guó)頂尖醫(yī)學(xué)院，位于馬里蘭州的巴爾的摩市集科研教學(xué)醫(yī)療與一體。其附屬醫(yī)院霍普金斯醫(yī)院連續(xù)22年來(lái)全美醫(yī)院排名第一。）

12.maryland [?m??ril?nd]馬里蘭

13.motor delays [?m??t?（r）] [di?leiz] 運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)育遲緩

15.strengthen [?stre?θn] v. 加強(qiáng)

16.reach out（使）伸出

17.stay tuned 繼續(xù)關(guān)注后期發(fā)展

translation 翻譯

患有孤獨(dú)癥的兒童會(huì)有社交和溝通障礙，他們的行為會(huì)有限制性和重復(fù)性，還有一些看似古怪的強(qiáng)烈興趣。

廣泛使用的醫(yī)療指南將把孤獨(dú)癥列入新的定義和名稱(chēng)，即“孤獨(dú)癥譜系障礙”。這一點(diǎn)將出現(xiàn)在今年五月出版的《精神疾病診斷和統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)》第五版中。

譜系代表了大腦發(fā)育障礙從輕度到重度的一個(gè)群體，輕度障礙的艾斯伯格綜合癥不再被單獨(dú)列為一種疾病。

孤獨(dú)癥在男孩中比女孩中更為常見(jiàn)，病因尚不清楚，科學(xué)家正在研究基因和可能的環(huán)境影響。

在孩子三歲之前，醫(yī)生通常無(wú)法確證孤獨(dú)癥。麗貝卡·藍(lán)達(dá)是位于馬里蘭州的約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院和肯尼迪克里格研究所的研究者，藍(lán)達(dá)教授希望發(fā)育的早期差異，她發(fā)起的新研究觀察了6到36個(gè)月的235名嬰兒。

“六個(gè)月時(shí)，會(huì)看到溝通和社交障礙的跡象，包括孤獨(dú)癥和多動(dòng)障礙。讓嬰兒平躺下，輕輕地拉著胳膊讓他們坐起來(lái)，孩子的頭可能會(huì)耷拉在背后，好像是頭部控制有困難。但這并不意味著孩子會(huì)患上孤獨(dú)癥，但意味著孩子需要強(qiáng)化練習(xí)來(lái)加強(qiáng)身體。只要加強(qiáng)身體練習(xí)，孩子就能更好地玩玩具和與人交往，這就有利于更好的發(fā)育?！?/p>

孩子一歲的時(shí)候，孤獨(dú)癥的可能跡象包括語(yǔ)言困難，無(wú)法與人對(duì)視或接觸。14個(gè)月時(shí)，孩子笑的少，說(shuō)的少。然而，藍(lán)達(dá)教授說(shuō)這些跡象很不明顯，簡(jiǎn)單的健康檢查可能無(wú)法檢查到。

“重要的是家長(zhǎng)要一直關(guān)注孩子的發(fā)育，如果家長(zhǎng)關(guān)心孩子的成長(zhǎng)，專(zhuān)業(yè)人士聽(tīng)取他們的意見(jiàn)就很重要?！?/p>

她說(shuō)，父母越早發(fā)現(xiàn)這些障礙，就能越早地做些簡(jiǎn)單的調(diào)整幫助孩子發(fā)育。比如，和孩子聊聊他們?cè)谧鍪裁?，?dāng)孩子展示什么東西時(shí)做出評(píng)價(jià)，做些簡(jiǎn)單的游戲維持孩子的注意力。