1.[If railroads charged all customers the same average rate], they argue, shippers [who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation] would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.

這是一個主從復(fù)合句。

原句中的各個子句，子句類型以及連接詞如下：

①主句：shippers … would do so …

【譯文】托運(yùn)者將會這么做

②分句一：If railroads charged all customers the same average rate

類型：條件狀語從句；連接詞：if

【譯文】如果鐵路公司向所有顧客收取一樣的平均運(yùn)費(fèi)

分句二：who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation

類型：定語從句；連接詞：who

【譯文】有選擇余地的（托運(yùn)者）就會選擇卡車或其他運(yùn)輸方式

其他修飾成分：現(xiàn)在分詞短語leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line做狀語。

【全句譯文】如果鐵路公司向所有顧客收取一樣的平均運(yùn)費(fèi)，他們爭辯道，那些有選擇余地的托運(yùn)者就會選擇卡車或其他運(yùn)輸方式，讓剩下的顧客來承擔(dān)維持鐵路運(yùn)輸?shù)馁M(fèi)用。

2.These leaders are living proof [that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems] [that come naturally with age].

這是一個主從復(fù)合句。

原句中的各個子句，子句類型以及連接詞如下：

① 主句: These leaders are living proof

【譯文】這些管理者都是些活生生的例子

② 分句一：that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems

類型：同位語從句；連接詞：that

【譯文】預(yù)防措施是有效的，我們可以應(yīng)付健康問題

分句二：that come naturally with age

類型：定語從句；連接詞：that

【譯文】隨著年紀(jì)增長自然出現(xiàn)的

【全句譯文】這些管理者都是些活生生的例子，證明（疾?。╊A(yù)防措施是有效的，我們可以應(yīng)付隨著年紀(jì)增長而自然出現(xiàn)的健康問題。

3. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them [that you are one of them] or [that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view].

這是一個主從復(fù)合句。

原句中的各個子句，子句類型以及連接詞如下：

① 主句：Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them…

【譯文】你的幽默一定要與聽眾有關(guān)，并有助于向他們表明……

② 分句一：that you are one of them

類型：賓語從句；連接詞：that

【譯文】你是他們中的一員

分句二：that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view

類型：賓語從句；連接詞：that

【譯文】你理解他們的處境，并贊同他們的觀點(diǎn)

【全句譯文】你的幽默一定要與聽眾有關(guān)，并有助于向他們表明你是他們中的一員，或者你理解他們的處境，并贊同他們的觀點(diǎn)。

4. The same dramatic technological changes [that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices] have also increased the risk [that passionate consumers will voice their options in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways].

這是一個主從復(fù)合句。

原句中的各個子句，子句類型以及連接詞如下：

① 主句：The same dramatic technological changes have also increased the risk

【譯文】同樣劇烈的技術(shù)變革同樣也帶來了更高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

② 分句一：that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices

類型：定語從句；連接詞：that

【譯文】為營銷商提供了數(shù)量更多（種類也更多）的溝通選擇

分句二：that passionate consumers will voice their options in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways

類型：同位語從句；連接詞：that

【譯文】激動的消費(fèi)者能夠以更迅速、更可見、更具破壞性的方式來表達(dá)他們的意見

【全句譯文】同樣劇烈的技術(shù)變革為營銷商提供了數(shù)量更多（種類也更多）的溝通選擇，但同時也帶來了更高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，那就是激動的消費(fèi)者能夠以更迅速、更可見、更具破壞性的方式來表達(dá)他們的意見。

5. Time was [when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence] [that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak], or [that they prey only on “worthless” species].

這是個主從復(fù)合句。

原句中的各個子句，子句類型以及連接詞如下：

① 主句：Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence

【譯文】曾經(jīng)有段時間，生物學(xué)家或多或少濫用了一種證據(jù)

② 分句一：that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak

類型：同位語從句；連接詞：that

【譯文】即這些生物通過殺死體弱者來保持種群的健康

分句二：that they prey only on “worthless” species

類型：同位語從句；連接詞：that

【譯文】它們僅僅捕食沒有價(jià)值的物種

【全句譯文】曾經(jīng)有段時間，生物學(xué)家或多或少濫用了一種證據(jù)，即這些生物通過殺死體弱者來保持種群的健康，或者說它們僅僅捕食沒有價(jià)值的物種。