1.This book will be essential reading for those [who enjoyed the first two volumes] and those with a deep interest in understanding this seminal figure and his place in history.

這是一個主從復合句。

原句中的各個子句，子句類型以及連接詞如下：

①主句：This book will be essential reading for those … and those …

【譯文】對于那些……和那些……來說，這本書將是必要的讀物。

②分句一：who enjoyed the first two volumes

類型：定語從句；連接詞：who

【譯文】喜歡前兩卷

其他修飾成分：with a deep interest in understanding this seminal figure and his place in history介詞短語做后置定語修飾those

【全句譯文】對喜歡丘吉爾前兩冊傳記的那些人以及對想深度了解有著重大影響的丘吉爾和其歷史地位的那些人而言，這本書將是必要的讀物。。

2.A successful scientist needs to deeply believe, [whatever the problem being tackled], [that there is always a better way to approach that problem than the path currently being taken].

這是一個主從復合句。

原句中的各個子句，子句類型以及連接詞如下：

①主句: A successful scientist needs to deeply believe …

【譯文】一個成功的科學家需要堅信……

②分句一：whatever the problem being tackled

類型：讓步狀語從句；連接詞：whatever

【譯文】無論要解決的問題是什么

分句二：that there is always a better way to approach that problem than the path currently being taken

類型：賓語從句；連接詞：that

【譯文】總有比目前正在采用的方法更好的途徑來解決

【全句譯文】一個成功的科學家需要堅信，無論要解決的問題是什么，總有比目前正在采用的方法更好的途徑來加以解決。

3.Research experience is an essential element of hiring and promotion at a research university [because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such a university from an arts college].

這是一個主從復合句。

原句中的各個子句，子句類型以及連接詞如下：

①主句：Research experience is an essential element

【譯文】研究經(jīng)驗是基本要素

②分句一：because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such a university from an arts college

類型：原因狀語從句；連接詞：because

【譯文】因為正是對研究的重視使這種大學得以區(qū)別于一般的文科學院

其他修飾成分：of hiring and promotion at a research university介詞短語做后置定語修飾element

【全句譯文】在研究性大學里，研究經(jīng)驗是人才招聘和晉升的基本要素，因為正是對研究的重視使這種大學得以區(qū)別于一般的文科院校。

4.But these days, they find themselves grappling with a dilemma, [as their tradition of openness clashes with the fear (that well-intentioned research could be missed to develop bio-weapons)].

這是一個主從復合句。

原句中的各個子句，子句類型以及連接詞如下：

①主句：they find themselves grappling with a dilemma

【譯文】他們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己陷入了進退兩難的境地

②分句一：as their tradition of openness clashes with the fear ...

類型：原因狀語從句；連接詞：as

【譯文】因為他們對于成果一貫的公開性與某種恐懼產(chǎn)生沖突

分句二：that well-intentioned research could be missed to develop bio-weapons

類型：同位語從句；連接詞：that

【譯文】出于良性目的研究會被誤用來研發(fā)化學武器

【全句譯文】但是最近，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己陷入了進退兩難的境地，因為他們對于成果一貫的公開性與某種恐懼產(chǎn)生沖突，擔心出于良性目的研究會被誤用來研發(fā)化學武器。

5.[Before the world gets to that point], the drawing together of both human and computer intelligence will almost certainly help to tackle pressing problems [that cannot otherwise be solved].

這是個主從復合句。

原句中的各個子句，子句類型以及連接詞如下：

①主句：the drawing together of both human and computer intelligence will almost certainly help to tackle pressing problems…

【譯文】人類和計算機智能整合在一起，幾乎肯定有助于解決緊迫問題

②分句一：before the world gets to that point

類型：時間狀語從句；連接詞：before

【譯文】在世界面臨那一天之前

分句二：that cannot otherwise be solved

類型：定語從句；連接詞：that

【譯文】其他方式不能解決的

【全句譯文】但是在世界面臨那一天之前，人類和計算機智能整合在一起，幾乎肯定有助于解決以其他方式不能解決的緊迫問題。