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Section I Use of English

The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “plant neurobiology” was  1  around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be  2  to intelligence in animals.   3  plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that  4  consciousness, researchers previously reported. 

But such an idea is bunk, according to the authors of the new article. Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it  5  so greatly from that of animals that so-called  6  of plants’ intelligence is intriguing but inconclusive, the scientists wrote. In animals, neurobiology refers to the biological mechanisms through which a nervous system regulates behavior, according to Harvard University’s Mind Brain Behavior Interfaculty Initiative. Over millions of years, brains in diverse animal species have evolved to produce behaviors that experts identify as intelligent: Among them are reasoning and problem-solving, tool use and self-recognition. 

Beginning in 2006, some scientists have  7  that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters,  8  “a plant nervous system,  9  to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, a professor emeritus of molecular, cell and developmental biology at the University of California Santa Cruz. 

“They  10  claimed that plants have‘brain-like command centers’at their root tips,” Taiz told Live Science in an email. 

This  11  makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain,  12  it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals, according to the article.  13  , the signaling in a plant is only  14  similar to the billions of synapses firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” Taiz said. 

“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold  15  of complexity and capacity is required,” he  16  . 

Other researchers who recently investigated the neuroscience of consciousness—awareness of one’s world and a sense of self—found that in animals, only vertebrates, arthropods and cephalopods had brains complex enough to enable them to be conscious. 

“If the lower animals—which have nervous systems—lack consciousness, the  17  that plants without nervous systems have consciousness are effectively nil,” Taiz said.

And what’s so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants can’t run away from  18  , so investing energy in a body system that  19  a threat and can feel pain would be a very  20  evolutionary strategy, according to the article. 

1. [A] coined [B] discovered [C] collected [D] issued

2. [A] attributed [B] directed [C] compared [D] confined

3. [A] Unless [B] When [C] Once [D]Though

4. [A] coped with [B] consisted of [C] hinted at [D] extended to

5. [A] suffers [B] benefits [C] develops [D] differs

6. [A] acceptance [B] evidence [C] cultivation [D] creation

7. [A] doubted [B] denied [C] argued [D] requested

8. [A] adapting [B] forming [C] repairing [D] testing

9. [A] analogous [B] essential [C] suitable [D] sensitive

10. [A] just [B] ever [C] still [D] even

11. [A] restriction [B] experiment [C] perspective [D] demand

12. [A] attaching [B] reducing [C] returning [D] exposing

13. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise

14. [A] temporarily [B] literally [C] superficially [D] imaginarily

15. [A] list [B] level [C] label [D] load

16. [A] recalled [B] agreed [C] questioned [D] added

17. [A] chances [B] risks [C] excuses [D] assumptions

18. [A] danger [B] failure [C] warning [D] control

19. [A] represents [B] includes [C] reveals [D] recognizes

20. [A] humble [B] poor [C] practical [D] easy

參考答案

1. [A] coined

2. [C] compared

3. [D] Though

4. [C] hinted at

5. [D] differs

6. [B] evidence

7. [C] argued

8. [B] forming

9. [A] analogous

10. [D] even

11. [C] perspective

12. [B] reducing

13. [A] However

14. [C] superficially

15. [B] level

16. [D] added

17. [A] chances

18. [A] danger

19. [D] recognizes

20. [B] poor